Curr Opin Microbiol 9:572–578īakkeren G, Kronstad JW (1994) Linkage of mating-type loci distinguishes bipolar from tetrapolar mating in basidiomycetous smut fungi. Microbiology 144:2961–2969īahn YS, Muhlschlegel FA (2006) CO 2 sensing in fungi and beyond. Ásgeirsdóttir SA, de Vries OMH, Wessels JGH (1998) Identification of three differentially expressed hydrophobins in Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom). Ásgeirsdóttir SA, Halsall JR, Casselton LA (1997) Expression of two closely linked hydrophobin genes of Coprinus cinereus is monokaryon-specific and down-regulated by the oid-1 mutation. Ásgeirsdóttir SA, van Wetter MA, Wessels JGH (1995) Differential expression of genes under control of the mating-type genes in the secondary mycelium of Schizophyllum commune. Lectins may be involved in aggregation of hyphae, haemolysins in signalling particularly to induce apoptosis of selected hyphae in the fruiting body, while expansins may be involved in cell wall modification and extension. Experimental evidence indicates that cytochrome P450 enzymes, lectins, haemolysins and expansins also function in mushroom development. These enzymes have also been proposed to cross-link cell walls of hyphae in the fruiting bodies but this still has to be established. Apart from hydrophobins, phenolics polymerised by the action of laccases may contribute to surface hydrophobicity of fruiting bodies. The hydrophobic coating irreversibly directs growth of hyphae into the air, allows dispersal of spores and ensures gas exchange in fruiting bodies under humid conditions. Moreover, they coat aerial structures and line air channels in mushrooms. They enable hyphae to escape the aqueous environment to allow fruiting body development. The role of hydrophobins is well established. Regulatory circuits ultimately activate genes encoding structural proteins or enzymes that are involved in fruiting body formation. Several genes encoding such regulatory proteins have now been identified. Regulation of fruiting by the mating-type genes is mediated by downstream transcription factors. These genes encode DNA-binding proteins and pheromones and their receptors. The process of identification of genes will be accelerated by whole genome expression studies and increased availability of molecular tools to assign functions to genes.Įstablishment of the dikaryon and emergence of fruiting bodies in basidiomycetes are regulated by the mating-type genes. With the identification of the first genes involved in mushroom development, we are only at the beginning of understanding fruiting body formation. A wide variety of proteins are expected to regulate and coordinate these programmes or to fulfil enzymatic conversions or structural roles. spore release: The fruitbody releases spores into the environment for propagation.Establishment of the dikaryotic mycelium and formation of fruiting bodies are highly complex developmental programmes that are activated by a combination of environmental cues.Spore generation is the sexual reproduction phase of the mushroom life cycle. mature fruitbody: The organism channels all of its energy and nutrients to develop the fruitbody, which will then produce spores.fruitbody selection: From thousands of primordia, the growing organism selects the most promising few to develop into mature fruitbodies.Host Defense harvests during this peak stage of growth to capture an abundant constituent profile including polysaccharides (beta glucans, arabinoxylanes), glycoproteins, ergosterols, triterpenoids and other myco-nutrients. primordia formation: The mushroom organism produces an amazing array of enzymes and optimizes the constituents of both the mycelium and the developing fruitbody.hyphal knot: Mycelium condenses into hyphal knots, which then develop into “primordia” or baby mushrooms.In this sense, the mycelium is the immune system of the mushroom. During this stage of growth, mycelium expands at an exponential rate. In its environment, mycelium encounters many competitors and predators which it repels with an amazing array of protective enzymes and compounds. mycelial expansion: Developing mycelium breaks down organic matter and absorbs nutrients from its surroundings.Compatible hyphae mate to create fertile mycelium. spore germination: Fine fungal filaments known as hyphae grow from the spores.inoculation: Spores alight upon a growth medium (or substrate). If conditions are favorable, spores will germinate.Fruitbodies form only at the completion of the mushroom life cycle and for most species, occur but for a few days, then disappear. The mushroom cultivator follows the path of the mushroom life cycle. The mushroom life cycle remains largely invisible to most mushroom hunters not so to cultivators.
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